Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.
(Theodosius Dobzhansky)
Home Page  //Dictionary of Pronunciation // Medical Dictionary
Lecture: Unit 1 /// Unit 2 /// Unit 3 /// Unit 4 <<>> Lab: Unit 1 /// Unit 2 /// Unit 3 /// Unit 4
Physiology Lecture Unit Three
(C18 - C22)
 
  Chapter 18
The Cardiovascular System / Blood
 
    Lecture Slides / Preview Slides Before Class
   
*
   
*
Hemopoiesis = The Formation of RBC (Erythropoiesis) and WBC (Leukopoiesis).
    * Structure and Functions of the Formed Elements
    * Hemostasis
    * ABO and Rh Blood Type Structure and Function
       
    Chapter Study Guide (TQ Highlighted // Bring Questions to Lecture)
    * C18 Study Guide
       
   
Required Homework Assignments (>>)
    Video Homework Qestions
    >> Erythropoiesis: Red Blood Cell Formation (29 min)
    >> Leukipoiesis: White Blood Cell Formation (35 min)
    >> Platelets and Blood Clotting (3 min) - need new worksheet questions / pickup in class
    >> Hemostasis (43 min) - need new worksheet questions / pickup in class
       
    Chapter Audio Review / Highly Recommended
    * Blood
       
    The following content is NOT REQUIRED, however. It does correlate to C18's learning objectives. This information is included only for the curious!
    * Blood Typing - (8 min)
    * Rh Factor (1:28 min)
    * Lifespan and Destruction of RBC - Ninja Nerd (17 min)
    * Types of Anemias - Ninja Nerd (35 min)
       
    * Zarxio - Biologic drug made by E. coli using recombinant DNA /// Drug stimulates granulocytic colony forming units to reverse neutropienia and increase hemopoiesis // used in cancer therapies.
    * HS Football Player Dies From Ruptured Spleen
   
*
   
*
    * Pathophysiology: Blood and Circulatory System
    * Articles of Interest / Archival
       
 
  Chapter 19
The Cardiovascular System / The Heart
 
     
    Lecture Slides / Preview Slides Before Class
   
*
   
*
Function of the Heart
   
*
The Cardiac Cycle, Cardiac Output, Cardiac Regulation, Congestive Heart Failure
       
    Chapter Study Guide (Test Q Highlighted // Bring Questions to Lecture)
    * C19 Study Guide
       
   
Required Homework Assignments (>>)
    Video Homework Questions
    >> Pumping Function of Hear: Systole Diastole, and Isovolumetric Phases (1:30 min)
    >> Blood Flow Through the Heart (2 min))
    >> Coronary Circulation (15 min)
    >> Cardiac Cycle (9 min)
    >> The Cardiac Conduction System (1 min)
    >> What are the four tyes of shock? (2 min)
       
    Chapter Audio Review / Highly Recommended
    * Anatomy of the Heart
       
    Vocabulary (Bonus Point Quiz)
    * C19 Vocabulary Terms.
       
    The following content is NOT REQUIRED, however. It does correlate to C19's learning objectives. This information is included only for the curious!
    * Hyperkalemia (5 min)
    * EKG - Ninja Nerd (1:19 hour)
       
    ** Atrial Fibrilation (video) - 1 min
    ** Ventricular Fibrilation (video) - 5 sec
    ** Ventricular Fibrilation (video) - 3 min
       
    * Dissection of the Human Heart - Video
   
*
    * Heart Blockage and Heart Attack
    * Commotio Cordis - Heart Trauma Causes Rare Disruption of T Wave Repolarization
    * Cardiomegaly (Enlarged Heart)
    * Articles of Interest / Archival
    * Pathophysiology of the Heart
 
  Chapter 20
Blood Vessels, Lymphatic Vessels, and Hemodynamics
 
    Lecture Slides / Preview Slides Before Class
   
*
Introduction to Blood Vessels
   
*
Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
   
*
Special Circulatory Routes
       
    Chapter Study Guide (Test Q Highlighted // Bring Questions to Lecture)
    * C20 Study Guide
       
    Required Homework Assignments (>>)
    Video Homework Questions
    >> Structure of Arteries and Veins (28 sec)
    >> Blood Flow (1:22 mn)
    >> Veinous Valves (2 min)
    >> How Capillaries Work (3 min)
    >> Capillary Fluid Exchange (8 min)
    >> Lymphatic System (3 min)
    >> What are the four tyes of shock? (2 min)
    >> Baro Receptor Reflex (1:30 min)
    >> Deep venous thrombosis, how blood clots happen, what are the risks of blood blots. (2 min)
    >> Hepatic Portal Circulation (5 min)
    >> Fetal Blood Circulation (4 min) .
       
    Chapter Audio Review / Highly Recommended
   
*
       
    The following content is NOT REQUIRED, however. It does correlate to C20's learning objectives. This information is included only for the curious!
     
    * Chemo Receptor Reflex
   
*
Sphygmomanometer: How to Check Blood Pressure (Video)
   
*
Watch immune cell "reconnect" broken blood vessel.
   
*
Why do we study comparitive physiology? Zebrafish heart regeneration.
    *
    * Articles of Interest / Archival
       
 
  Chapter21
The Lymphatic and Immunity
 
  The content of this chapter is the most important information covered in this course. It is unfortunate that we have so little time to study immunity, however. Our goal is to help you understand enough about immunity so you have a solid foundation. Learning the basics features about immunity now will allow you to advance your knowledge in the future.
     
    Lecture Slides / Preview Slides Before Class
   
*
An Introduction to the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
   
*
Lymphatic System Structure and Lymphatic Organs
    * Lymphatic System's Cells and Lymphatic Tissue
   
*
Innate Immunity: Defensive Barriers and Non-Speific Resistance
   
*
Adaptive Immunity (also called Acquired Immunity).
   
*
Antibodies Structure and Function
   
*
Antibody Mediated Immunity - Four Types
   
*
Hypersensitivity - Four Types
   
*
Autoimmune and Immunodeficiency Diseases
       
    Chapter Study Guides (Bring Questions to Lecture)
   
*
C21 Study Guide / Lymphatics System & Immune System
     
    Required Homework Assignments (>>)
     
    Video Homework Questions (Part A).
    >> Cell Dependent Antigens (1 min)
    >> Antigen Presenting Cells (1:30 min)
    >> Antigen Processing (1:44 min)
    >> Antigenic Determinants (48 sec)
    >> Activation of the Immune Response (2 min)
    >> Clonal Selection (2:26 min)
    >> Natural Killer Cells (3 min)
    >> Adaptive Immunity by Howard Hughes Medical Institue (10 min)
       
    Video Homework Questions (Part B)
    Video Homework Questions (Part B)
    >> The Inflammatory Response (1:53 min)
    >> Complement Function (1:35 min)
    >> Activation of Complement (2:56 min)
    >> Antibodies (1 min)
    >> Antibody Diversity (1:59 min)
    >> IgE Hypersensitivity - Type I (1:41 min)
    >> T Cell Development and Maturation (9 min)
    >> Cytotoxic - Type II (2 min)
    >> Immune Complex - Type III (46 sec)
    >> Delayed Hypersensitivity - Type IV (1:47 min)
    >> Vaccinations (34 sec)
    >> How Chicken Eggs Are Used to Make the Flu Vaccine (2 min)
    >> mRNA Vaccinatons (3 min)
       
    ** Immunotherapy: Using Your Body's Natural Defenses to Fight Cancer (Standord University Medicine - 53 min) // Important lecture about using immuno-therapy to treat cancer.
    ** Car T Cell Illustration
       
    Chapter Audio Review / Highly Recommended
    * Audio Review / Lymphatic System
    * Audio Review / Immune System
    * Audio Review / Stress
       
    The following content is NOT REQUIRED, however. It does correlate to C21's learning objectives. This information is included only for the curious!
     
     

If you need to learn a complex subject, then it helps to first study a simple model.. The first four videos presents "a simpler model" about human immunity. Other videos in this section will cover more specific mechanisms about the innate and adaptive immune systems.

So to begin, our immune system has two divisions: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. All animals (invertebrates and vertebrates) possess innate immunity, a type of non-specific resistance to pathogens. An innate immune response will attack microbes and other pathogens using common molecules found on different classes of pathogens.. Vertebrates have an additional and more powerful immune response called adaptive immunity. This will match specific immune cells to attack a single invading pathogen. At the same time this response also make memory cells to recognize the same pathogen in the future. Upon a second exposure to the pathogen, the memory cells respond so rapidly that you do not even know you were infected..

At the bottom of the page are four lectures sponsored by HHMI and presented by "world leaders in the field of immunology". These lectures will allow the curious student to learn from the most knowledgeable scientist now working on advanced research in immunology.

 
     
   
*
Lymphatic System's Role in Immunity
   
*
The Inflammatory Response
   
*
    *** Adaptive Immunity (HHMI):
     
   
*
Non Specific Resistance (the complement component)
   
*
Natural Killer Cells - Video
   
*
Interferon Anti Viral Activity
   
*
Activation of Complement
   
*
   
**
   
*
Agglutination
     
   
*
Clonal Selection (Activation of B cells to Plasma Cells & mB-Cells with Antibody Formation
    * Helper T Cell Activation / Mechanism (HHMI) // View the animation to see how one type of immune cell—the helper T cell—interprets a message presented at the surface of the cell membrane. The message is an antigen, a protein fragment taken from an invading microbe. A series of events unfolds that results in the production of many clones of the helper T cell. These identical T cells can serve as a brigade forming an essential communication network to activate B cells, which make antibodies that will specifically attack the activating antigen.
   
*
    * Activation of Helper T Cells and Cytotoxic T Cells (Illustration)
   
*
     
   
*
Antigen Processing and Presentation / Macrophage and B Cells
     
   
*
Antibodies
   
*
Antibody Diversity
     
   
*
    * Polio virus
   
*
   
*
    * Delayed Type IV Hypersensitivity
    * Immunization Vaccination Schedule
   
*
     
    * Cloning cytotoix T Cells - Activation Pathways (3 min video / HHMI)
    ** Cytotoxic T Cells Attacking Infected Cell
     
   
*
   
**
     
    *
     
    * Using Immunotherapy to Kill Cancer Cells
    *** > Check Point Therapy - Dendritic Cell Vaccine - CAR T Cells // SA Illustration
      > Synthetic Immune Cells - SA Illustration
      > How Dendritic Cells Activate T Cells - Illustration
      > PD-1 As Cytotoxic T Cell "Suicide Switch" - Leads to New Immuno-Cancer Therapy
      > Program Cell Death Receptor
      > Blocking PDL-1
      > PD-1 and PDL-1 Video ---Very Good!
    *** > Review Four New Immunooncology Therapies -- Also Very Good!
      > How the Immune System Sees and Destroys Tumors, Dr. Jeffrey Weber, MD, PhD (90 minutes)
     
    *** > Multiple Myeloma: This is the second most common type of blood cancer. It is a disease of the B cell line. It is a pernicious disease characterized by remission and relapse but unfortunately, there is no cure. With your knowledge of human physiology, you now should be able to understand the pathophysiology of myeloma. This slide show illustrates the progression of the disease. This presentation also teaches us the significance of why we study human physiology.
     
      CoVID-19 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnostics - Part 1 // ( 50 min.)
      CoVID-19: Treatment, Prognosis, Precautions - Part II
     
    * Activation of Helper T Cells and Cytotoxic T Cells (chart)
     
       
    ** HIV Life Cycle // How HIV Cripples Immune System by Infecting Helper T-Cells (5 min video - HHMI)
    * Where do viruses come from? (Video)
    * British Society for Immunology // Web Site
    * How Bacteria Cause Disease // Dr. Levenson, MD / University of California.
    * Interferon Anti Viral Activity
   
*
Where do viruses come from?
       
    ** Nucala - Drug used to reduce eosinophils / useful video /// Mepolizumab, sold under the brand name Nucala, is humanize monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of severeeosinophilic asthma, eosinophilic granulomatosis, and hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES).[3] It recognizes and blocks interleukin-5 (IL-5), a signalling protein of the immune system. The most common side effects include headache, injection site reactions, and back pain. .
       
    * Future of Medicine - Living Circuit
    * Neuroimmunology: The Mind Body Connection.
   
*
   
*
   
*
   
*
   
*
   
*
   
*
   
*
   
*
New Science - Synthetic Immune Cells ( Article with image)
    * Cytotoxic T Cell Activation (Wiki)
   
*
PDL-1 Check Point Inhibitors
    * Zika - An Emerging Disease: This is a good example of what happens when the world ignores an emerging disease until it becomes a potential global pandemic. The catastrophe is only further fueled by the USA congress who now stay on their summer vacations while refusing to provide necessary funding for scientific research necessary to solve the Zika problem. Unfortunately, history often repeats its failures!
    * Articles of Interest / Archival - See Immunology
       
    Topics of Interest / Not Learning Objectives / Not Required
    * Understanding Pathogens and the Flu Virus
    ** Antiviral Drugs for the Flu: Tamiflu VS Xofluza
    ** Reye's Syndrome and Asprin
       
    The four part lecture, Friend or Foe, was sponsored by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Each one hour lecture covers an important topic related to our immune system.
       
   
*
Lecture 1: How Cells Create Trillions of Receptors from a Few Hundred Parts
by John Kappler, PhD
   
*
Lecture 2: How the Immune System Detects Invaders
   
*
Lecture 3: How the Host Avoids "Friendly Fire" by Dr. Kappler, PhD
   
*
Lecture 4: Stalking the Elusive Pathogen by Dr. Phillippa Marrack, PhD
       
 
  Chapter 22
The Respiratory System
 
    Lecture Slides /Matched to Learning Objectives (Required)
   
*
Respiratory System Structure and Function
   
*
Respiratory Control Centers
       
    Chapter Study Guides // Bring Questions to Lecture)
    * C22 Study Guides
       
    Required Homework Assignments (>>)
    Video Homework Questions
    >> Mechanics of Breathing - Part 1 (31 min)
    >> Mechanics of Breathing - Part 2 (23 min)
    >> Thickness of the Respiratory Membrane (25 min)
    >> Partial Pressures: Movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide (3 min)
    >> Every thing you need to know about ventilation and perfusion ratio (6 min)
    >> Carbon Dioxide Transport (8 min)
    >> Oxygen Transport (3 min)
    >> Transport of Respiratory Gases (3:30 min),.
       
    Chapter Audio Review / Highly Recommended.
    * Respiratory System
       
    The following content is NOT REQUIRED, however. It does correlate to C22's learning objectives. This information is included only for the curious!
       
    Four Laws of Physics to Explain How Respiraton Works
    * Boyles Law - Pressure and Volume (Video)
   
*
Charle's Law - Pressure and Temperature (Video)
   
*
Dalton's Law - Partial Pressure (1) (Video)
   
*
Henry's Law - Gas Pressure & Solubility (Video)
       
    * Respiratory Volumes & Spirometry - Excellent Presentation! (5 min)
       
    ** Sheep Plunk I / Infating Fresh Lung Tissue
    ** Inflation of Smoker and Non-Smoker Lungs
    * Lung Function Test
   
*
   
*
   
*
    * Hiccups
   
*
How Singing Changes the Length of the Vocal Cords (Video)
    ** Vocal Cords (Video)
   
**
Steven Tyler's Vocal Cords
    * Asthma (Video)
    * Trachea & Bronchi (Video)
   
*
Larynx Sagital View (Video)
   
*
Larynx Anterior View (Video)
    * Articles of Interest / Archival
       
    * Pathophysiology: Respiratory System
    * Ethyl glycol in couph syrup kills children
Lecture: Unit 1 - Unit 2 - Unit 3 - Unit 4 ////////////Lab: Unit 1 - Unit 2 - Unit 3 - Unit 4